Given that many traumatic events occur in the late evening or night hours, we also describe how the time of day of trauma exposure can differentially affect the stress system and, finally, discuss potential chronotherapeutic interventions.Ĭonclusion: Understanding the stress-related mechanisms susceptible to chronodisruption and their role in PTSD could deliver new insights into stress pathophysiology, provide better psychochronobiological treatment alternatives and enhance preventive strategies in stress-exposed populations.Īntecedentes: Los seres humanos tenemos una necesidad evolutiva por un ‘reloj’ interno bien preservado, ajustado al periodo de rotación de 24 horas de nuestro planeta. Posttraumatic chronodisruption may, thus, affect fundamental properties of neuroendocrine, immune and autonomic systems, leading to a breakdown of biobehavioral adaptive mechanisms with increased stress sensitivity and vulnerability. Results: Circadian dysregulation after trauma exposure (posttraumatic chronodisruption) may represent a core feature of trauma-related disorders mediating enduring neurobiological correlates of traumatic stress through a loss of the temporal order at different organizational levels. Objectives/Methods: In this narrative review, we present the functional components of the stress and circadian system and their multilevel interactions and discuss how traumatic stress can affect the harmonious interplay between the two systems. The understanding of the temporal relationship between stressors and stress responses is critical in the molecular pathophysiology of stress-and trauma-related diseases, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The human circadian system is tightly and bidirectionally interconnected to the human stress system, as both systems regulate each other’s activity along the anticipated diurnal challenges. This intrinsic circadian timing system enables the temporal organization of numerous physiologic processes, from gene expression to behaviour. Background: Humans have an evolutionary need for a well-preserved internal ‘clock’, adjusted to the 24-hour rotation period of our planet.
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